How to Download and Use jar io.jsonwebtoken
If you are looking for a simple and reliable way to create and verify JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) in your Java or Android applications, you might want to check out jar io.jsonwebtoken. This is a library that provides an easy-to-use and understand API for working with JWTs on the JVM and Android platforms. In this article, we will show you what jar io.jsonwebtoken is, why you should use it, how to install it, how to create and verify JWTs with it, and what are some alternatives to it.
download jar io.jsonwebtoken
What is jar io.jsonwebtoken?
jar io.jsonwebtoken, also known as JJWT, is a pure Java implementation of the JWT, JWS, JWE, JWA, JWK, Octet JWK, JWK Thumbprint, and JWK Thumbprint URI RFC specifications. It is an open source library under the terms of the Apache 2.0 License. It was created by Les Hazlewood, the co-founder of Stormpath (now part of Okta), and is supported and maintained by a community of contributors. It also includes some convenience extensions that are not part of the specification, such as JWS compression and claim enforcement.
Why use jar io.jsonwebtoken?
There are many benefits and advantages of using jar io.jsonwebtoken for your Java or Android applications. Here are some of them:
It is easy to use. You can create and verify JWTs with just a few lines of code using the fluent builder API.
It is reliable. You can trust that the library follows the RFC standards strictly and correctly.
It is secure. You can choose from various signature algorithms (HMAC-SHA, RSA, ECDSA) and encryption algorithms (AES, RSA) to protect your JWTs.
It is flexible. You can customize your JWTs with any claims you want, as well as use compression, encryption, key management, JSON processing, Base64 encoding/decoding, and other features.
It is compatible. You can use it with any Java or Android project that supports JDK 6 or higher.
How to install jar io.jsonwebtoken?
To use jar io.jsonwebtoken in your project, you need to download it from Maven Central or GitHub Releases. You can also add it as a dependency using Maven, Gradle, or Android Studio. Here are the instructions for each option:
Using Maven
If you are using Maven as your build tool, you can add the following dependency to your pom.xml file:
<dependency> <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId> <artifactId>jjwt-api</artifactId> <version>0.11.2</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId> <artifactId>jjwt-impl</artifactId> <version>0.11.2</version> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId> <artifactId>jjwt-jackson</artifactId> <version>0.11.2</version> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency>
The jjwt-api dependency provides the core API classes and interfaces, the jjwt-impl dependency provides the default implementation of the API, and the jjwt-jackson dependency provides the JSON processing support using Jackson. You can also use other JSON libraries, such as Gson or org.json, by replacing the jjwt-jackson dependency with the corresponding one.
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Download jar io.jsonwebtoken to create and verify JSON Web Tokens
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Using Gradle
If you are using Gradle as your build tool, you can add the following dependency to your build.gradle file:
dependencies api 'io.jsonwebtoken:jjwt-api:0.11.2' runtimeOnly 'io.jsonwebtoken:jjwt-impl:0.11.2' runtimeOnly 'io.jsonwebtoken:jjwt-jackson:0.11.2'
The dependencies are the same as for Maven, but with a different syntax.
Using Android Studio
If you are using Android Studio as your IDE, you can add the following dependency to your app/build.gradle file:
dependencies implementation 'io.jsonwebtoken:jjwt-api:0.11.2' runtimeOnly 'io.jsonwebtoken:jjwt-impl:0.11.2' runtimeOnly 'io.jsonwebtoken:jjwt-jackson:0.11.2'
The dependencies are the same as for Gradle, but with a different configuration name.
How to create and verify JSON Web Tokens with jar io.jsonwebtoken?
Now that you have installed jar io.jsonwebtoken in your project, you can start using it to create and verify JWTs in your Java or Android applications. In this section, we will show you how to use the JJWT library to perform these tasks.
What is a JSON Web Token?
A JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact and self-contained way of securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object. It can be used for authentication, authorization, information exchange, and other purposes. A JWT consists of three parts: a header, a payload, and a signature.
The header contains metadata about the token, such as the algorithm used to sign it and the type of token.
The payload contains the claims or statements that the token carries, such as the issuer, the subject, the expiration time, and other custom data.
The signature is used to verify the integrity and authenticity of the token, by applying a cryptographic algorithm to the encoded header and payload with a secret key or a public/private key pair.
A JWT is represented as a string of base64url-encoded segments separated by dots, such as:
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9. eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ. SflKxwRJSMeKKF2QT4fwpMeJf36POk6yJV_adQssw5c The first segment is the header, the second segment is the payload, and the third segment is the signature. You can decode each segment using a base64url decoder to see the JSON content.
How to create a JWT with jar io.jsonwebtoken?
To create a JWT with jar io.jsonwebtoken, you need to use the Jwts.builder() method, which returns a JwtBuilder instance. The JwtBuilder allows you to set the header, the payload, and the signature of the token using a fluent API. For example, you can create a simple JWT with a HS256 signature and some basic claims as follows:
import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwts; import io.jsonwebtoken.SignatureAlgorithm; import io.jsonwebtoken.security.Keys; import java.security.Key; import java.util.Date; // Generate a random secret key Key key = Keys.secretKeyFor(SignatureAlgorithm.HS256); // Set the header, the payload, and the signature of the token String jwt = Jwts.builder() .setHeaderParam("typ", "JWT") // Set the type of token .setIssuer("me") // Set the issuer of the token .setSubject("you") // Set the subject of the token .setAudience("them") // Set the audience of the token .setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 3600000)) // Set the expiration time of the token (1 hour) .setNotBefore(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 300000)) // Set the not before time of the token (5 minutes) .setIssuedAt(new Date()) // Set the issued at time of the token (now) .setId("123") // Set the ID of the token .claim("name", "John Doe") // Set a custom claim with key "name" and value "John Doe" .signWith(key) // Sign the token with the secret key .compact(); // Compact the token into a string
The result is a JWT string that looks like this:
eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9. eyJpc3MiOiJtZSIsInN1YiI6InlvdSIsImF1ZCI6InRoZW0iLCJleHAiOjE2MjQyMTkxNTMsIm5iZiI6MTYyNDIxNjU1MywiaWF0IjoxNjI0MjE2MjUzLCJqdGkiOiIxMjMiLCJuYW1lIjoiSm9obiBEb2UifQ. X7fL4a8cHsHnqy8m7a5oqgXx4fWQoTn4s8xkVYdZv7c
How to read a JWT with jar io.jsonwebtoken?
To read a JWT with jar io.jsonwebtoken, you need to use the Jwts.parserBuilder() method, which returns a JwtParserBuilder instance. The JwtParserBuilder allows you to configure how to parse and validate the token using a fluent API. For example, you can read and verify a JWT with a HS256 signature and some basic claims as follows:
import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims; import io.jsonwebtoken.Jws; import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwts; import io.jsonwebtoken.SignatureAlgorithm; import io.jsonwebtoken.security.Keys; import java.security.Key; import java.util.Date; // Generate a random secret key (same as before) Key key = Keys.secretKeyFor(SignatureAlgorithm.HS256); // Parse and validate the token Jws<Claims> jws = Jwts.parserBuilder() .setSigningKey(key) // Set the secret key to verify the signature .requireIssuer("me") // Require that the issuer of the token is "me" .requireSubject("you") // Require that the subject of the token is "you" .requireAudience("them") // Require that the audience of the token is "them" .requireExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 3600000)) // Require that the expiration time of the token is within 1 hour .requireNotBefore(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 300000)) // Require that the not before time of the token is within 5 minutes .requireIssuedAt(new Date()) // Require that the issued at time of the token is now .requireId("123") // Require that the ID of the token is "123" .build() // Build the parser .parseClaimsJws(jwt); // Parse and validate the token The result is a Jws<Claims> object that contains the header, the payload, and the signature of the token. You can access the claims using the getBody() method, which returns a Claims instance. For example, you can get the custom claim with key "name" and value "John Doe" as follows:
String name = jws.getBody().get("name", String.class); // Get the custom claim as a String
How to use custom claims, compression, encryption, and other features with jar io.jsonwebtoken?
jar io.jsonwebtoken offers some additional features and extensions that are not part of the RFC specifications, but can be useful for some scenarios. Here are some of them:
Custom claims: You can add any claim you want to your JWT using the claim() method of the JwtBuilder. You can also use the setClaims() method to set a map of claims at once. You can access the custom claims using the get() method of the Claims instance.
Compression: You can compress your JWT using the Deflate algorithm to reduce its size using the compressWith() method of the JwtBuilder. You can also specify a custom compression codec using the CompressionCodecs interface. You can decompress your JWT using the decompressWith() method of the JwtParserBuilder.
Encryption: You can encrypt your JWT using the JWE specification to add an extra layer of security using the encryptWith() method of the JwtBuilder. You can also specify a custom encryption provider using the EncryptionProvider interface. You can decrypt your JWT using the decryptWith() method of the JwtParserBuilder.
Key management: You can manage your keys for signing and encrypting your JWTs using the Keys class, which provides various methods to generate and store keys. You can also use other key sources, such as JWK, PEM, or PKCS#8.
JSON processing: You can use different JSON libraries to process your JWTs, such as Jackson, Gson, or org.json. You can specify your preferred JSON library using the serializeToJsonWith() and deserializeJsonWith() methods of the JwtBuilder and JwtParserBuilder respectively.
Base64 encoding/decoding: You can use different Base64 libraries to encode and decode your JWTs, such as Java 8, Apache Commons Codec, or Guava. You can specify your preferred Base64 library using the base64UrlEncodeWith() and base64UrlDecodeWith() methods of the JwtBuilder and JwtParserBuilder respectively.
What are some alternatives to jar io.jsonwebtoken?
jar io.jsonwebtoken is not the only library or framework that you can use for JWT creation and verification in Java and Android. There are some other options that you might want to consider depending on your needs and preferences. Here are some of them:
OAuth2
OAuth2 is an authorization framework that enables applications to obtain limited access to user accounts on an HTTP service, such as Facebook, Google, or Twitter. It works by delegating user authentication to the service that hosts the user account, and authorizing third-party applications to access the user account. OAuth2 supports multiple flows or grants for different scenarios, such as authorization code, implicit, client credentials, password, and refresh token. OAuth2 uses JWTs as access tokens or refresh tokens to represent the authorization information.
The pros of OAuth2 are:
It is a widely used and accepted standard for authorization.
It provides a secure and flexible way to delegate user authentication and authorization.
It supports multiple flows or grants for different scenarios.
The cons of OAuth2 are:
It is not a simple or easy framework to implement or understand.
It requires a third-party service or server to host the user accounts and issue the tokens.
It does not provide a way to create or verify JWTs by itself. You need to use another library or framework for that.
Passport
Passport is an authentication middleware for Node.js applications. It supports various authentication strategies, such as local, OAuth, OpenID Connect, SAML, LDAP, etc. It works by plugging into Express (or other compatible frameworks) and providing a simple API to authenticate requests. Passport uses JWTs as one of its authentication strategies, which allows applications to accept JWTs as credentials.
The pros of Passport are:
It is a popular and well-known middleware for Node.js applications.
It supports various authentication strategies for different scenarios.
It provides a simple and consistent API to authenticate requests.
The cons of Passport are:
It is not a library or framework for JWT creation or verification by itself. You need to use another library or framework for that.
It is specific to Node.js and Express applications. It does not work with other platforms or frameworks.
It does not provide a way to manage or revoke tokens. You need to implement that yourself.
Spring Security
Spring Security is a powerful and highly customizable framework for authentication and authorization in Spring-based applications. It supports various authentication mechanisms, such as form login, basic authentication, OAuth2, OpenID Connect, SAML, etc. It also provides various security features, such as CSRF protection, session management, password encoding, etc. Spring Security uses JWTs as one of its authentication mechanisms, which allows applications to accept JWTs as credentials.
The pros of Spring Security are:
It is a comprehensive and robust framework for authentication and authorization in Spring-based applications.
It supports various authentication mechanisms and security features for different scenarios.
It provides a way to create and verify JWTs using the JwtEncoder and JwtDecoder interfaces.
The cons of Spring Security are:
It is not a simple or easy framework to implement or understand.
It requires a lot of configuration and customization to fit your needs.
It is specific to Spring-based applications. It does not work with other platforms or frameworks.
Auth0
Auth0 is a cloud-based platform that provides authentication and authorization as a service. It supports various identity providers, such as social, enterprise, or custom ones. It also provides various security features, such as multifactor authentication, single sign-on, passwordless login, etc. Auth0 uses JWTs as access tokens or ID tokens to represent the authentication and authorization information.
The pros of Auth0 are:
It is a cloud-based platform that handles authentication and authorization for you.
It supports various identity providers and security features for different scenarios.
It provides a way to create and verify JWTs using the Auth0 SDKs or APIs.
The cons of Auth0 are:
It is not a free service. You need to pay for the subscription plans based on your usage and features.
It requires a third-party service or server to host the user accounts and issue the tokens.
It does not provide a way to customize or extend the JWTs. You need to use the standard claims and formats.
Keycloak
Keycloak is an open source identity and access management solution that provides authentication and authorization for modern applications and services. It supports various protocols, such as OAuth2, OpenID Connect, SAML, etc. It also provides various features, such as user federation, identity brokering, social login, etc. Keycloak uses JWTs as access tokens or ID tokens to represent the authentication and authorization information.
The pros of Keycloak are:
It is an open source solution that you can deploy and manage yourself.
It supports various protocols and features for different scenarios.
It provides a way to create and verify JWTs using the Keycloak SDKs or APIs.
The cons of Keycloak are:
It is not a simple or easy solution to implement or understand.
It requires a lot of configuration and customization to fit your needs.
It does not provide a way to manage or revoke tokens. You need to implement that yourself.
Conclusion
In this article, we have shown you how to download and use jar io.jsonwebtoken, a library that provides an easy and reliable way to create and verify JWTs in your Java or Android applications. We have also explained what JWTs are, how they work, and what are some of the features and extensions that jar io.jsonwebtoken offers. Finally, we have compared jar io.jsonwebtoken with some other alternatives that you might want to consider for your JWT needs.
We hope that this article has been helpful and informative for you. If you want to learn more about jar io.jsonwebtoken, you can visit its official website, GitHub repository, or documentation. If you have any questions or feedback, feel free to leave a comment below. Thank you for reading!
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions and answers about jar io.jsonwebtoken:
What is the latest version of jar io.jsonwebtoken?
The latest version of jar io.jsonwebtoken is 0.11.2, which was released on March 9, 2021. You can check the release notes here.
How can I generate a secret key for signing my JWTs?
You can use the Keys class from jar io.jsonwebtoken to generate a random secret key for any signature algorithm. For example, you can use the following code to generate a secret key for HS256:
Key key = Keys.secretKeyFor(SignatureAlgorithm.HS256);
How can I use RSA or ECDSA keys for signing my JWTs?
You can use the Keys class from jar io.jsonwebtoken to generate a key pair for any signature algorithm. For example, you can use the following code to generate a key pair for RS256:
KeyPair keyPair = Keys.keyPairFor(SignatureAlgorithm.RS256);
You can also use other sources of keys, such as JWK, PEM, or PKCS#8.
How can I set the expiration time of my JWTs?
You can use the setExpiration() method of the JwtBuilder to set the expiration time of your JWTs. You need to pass a Date object as the argument. For example, you can use the following code to set the expiration time of your JWTs to 1 hour from now:
Date expiration = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 3600000); Jwts.builder().setExpiration(expiration).signWith(key).compact();
How can I check if my JWTs are expired?
You can use the requireExpiration() method of the JwtParserBuilder to check if your JWTs are expired. You need to pass a Date object as the argument. For example, you can use the following code to check if your JWTs are expired within 1 hour from now:
Date expiration = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 3600000); Jwts.parserBuilder().requireExpiration(expiration).setSigningKey(key).build().parseClaimsJws(jwt);
If your JWTs are expired, you will get an ExpiredJwtException.
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